Space

The universe we live in is made up of billions of stars, planets and galaxies. Earth where humans live, is in the Milky Way galaxy.

A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems. A galaxy is held together by gravity (NASA). A galaxy is a group of stars that make up a system. Galaxies consist of more than one large celestial body surrounded by other celestial bodies. In astronomy, a galaxy is a vast system of stars, dust, and gas.

The phenomenon of the Milky Way Galaxy Sling or commonly referred to in international languages as the Milky Way, is a sky appearance that resembles a disk around which more stars appear.

Sources:

https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20210504190114-199-638540/mengenal-selempang-galaksi-bima-sakti-bisa-dilihat-saat-sahur 

https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/09/13/100200165/why-galaxy-place-bumi-berada-disebut-bima-sakti-?page=all.

Competition

I once participated in a competition with my friends. I have participated in art competitions and exhibitions (ACE). I took part in the hand lettering or calligraphy competition at President University, March 25 2018.
There are not only hand lettering competitions, but also illustration competitions and art exhibitions. Me and my friends really enjoyed the competition there.
Me and my friends none of us won the competition there. Even though we didn't win, the most important thing is that we have experience participating in competitions.

Getting Around

I went on vacation to Surabaya during the Vocational High School graduation holiday. I went with my mom and my sister. In the morning we went to Gambir station by GrabCar. Arriving at Gambir Station, we went to Surabaya by train. After about 9 hours we finally arrived in Surabaya. we arrived at Surabaya Pasarturi Station at night. from Surabaya Pasarturi Station, we went to Grandma's house by GrabCar.

In surabaya, we travel with grandma, uncle and aunt to various places. We also went to eat together at the restaurant. I went to the mall with my aunt.

After one week of our vacation in Surabaya, we returned to Bekasi. In the morning we went to Surabaya Pasarturi Station, then in the afternoon we arrived at Pasar Jatinegara Station. We took a GrabCar to our house in Bekasi.

Thank you for reading my story.

Table Manner & Accommodation Tour

Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating. Different cultures observe different rules for table manners. Table manners were designed to keep people from scarfing food down like animals. People who haven't known and experienced table manners may find it complicated because there are many etiquettes.

 

Etiquettes

Modern etiquette requires the fewest number and types of cutlery for meals. Only the utensils that will be used for the scheduled meal should be set. Even if it is necessary, hosts should not have more than three on each side of the dish before a dinner.

Hotel Tour

A hotel is a business facility that provides lodging, food, and other services to guests. In general, a hotel must have at least six letting bedrooms, at least three of which must have attached (ensuite) private toilet facilities.

Accommodation is a building or portion of a building where anybody may stay, dine, and get services and other facilities for a fee.

Male and Female Relationships

 

People's perceptions of what constitutes a proper male-female relationship do not shift readily. People have a strong belief that their own thoughts on the issue are accurate and that other perspectives are incorrect or inferior. People's gender stereotypes may be a major impediment to comprehending the male-female connection. Foreign visitors are sometimes surprised to discover that American patterns in male-female relationships differ from those to which they are used.

Stereotype about American Men and Women

Stereotypes are broad generalizations about people groups that are deeply embedded in the human mind. People form stereotypes about others based on what they see, experience, or learn through the media. Foreigners have two preconceptions about American men and women.

 

Women and Gender Discrimination

Gender discrimination is caused by stereotypes, which are descriptive and prescriptive ideas about how men and women are viewed. Occupational sexism refers to gender-based discrimination in practices, words, and/or actions. Abuse against women, including sexual assault, domestic violence, and sexual enslavement, is still a major issue.

Women Liberation

Women's liberation is a set of ideas and developments aimed at ending gender inequality. They advocate for an end to what they view as stereotyping of women in the media. Individualism, independence, and equality are the fundamental concepts of the women's liberation movement.

Cultural Conflicts

Communication between individuals of various cultures is referred to as intercultural communication. Tone of voice, body language, gestures, posture, and facial emotions are all examples of nonverbal communication. These norms are culturally unique and are often taken for granted by members of the same culture. Maintaining persistent eye contact while speaking is considered rude in certain cultures.

The Cause of Cultural Conflict

Ethnocentrism, misunderstanding, and stereotyping all contribute to cultural conflict. The notion that one's own race or ethnic group is the most significant or that some or all features of its culture are superior to those of other groups is known as ethnocentrism.

There are some ways dealing with cultural conflict:

If we are subjected to distressing or offensive conduct, or if you see such behavior happening to someone else, express the behavior is upsetting clearly, forcefully, and simply.

Let it go the first time if the conduct is insulting but not threatening or violent, regardless of whether the individual apologizes or says nothing.

If the behavior is threatening or hostile, or if it occurs again, notify someone and follow the instructions.

Non-Verbal Communication

The transfer of information from one person to another is referred to as communication. We spend around 75% of our waking hours conveying our information, thoughts, and ideas to others. There are three major types of communication, namely visual, verbal or dialog, and von-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication can be divided into body language (kinesics), eye contact (oculistics), touch (haptics), body distance (proxemics) and turn taking.

 

A. Body Language (Kinesics)

Body language is an important component of modern communication and interpersonal interactions. Body language is described as the conscious and unconscious motions and postures used to express attitudes and sentiments.

 

B. Eye Contact (Oculistics)

The meeting of two people's eyes is referred to as eye contact. Eye contact is a kind of nonverbal communication in humans that has a major impact on social behavior. Oculistics is a term that refers to the study of eye contact.

The study of social interactions can benefit from the use of eye contact. People look into each other's eyes and faces to see if they are in a good or bad mood. Eye contact traditions and importance vary substantially among cultures, with religious and societal variations frequently affecting its meaning significantly. Eye contact develops in the context of a society, and various gazes have varied meanings.

 

C. Touch (Haptics)

Touch is culturally determine, but each culture has a clear concept of what parts of the body one may not touch. Basic message of touch is to affect or control — protect, support, disapprove (i.e. hug, kiss, hit, kick).

 

D. Body Distance/Space (Proxemics)

Proxemics, often known as personal space, is described as the amount of space that people find comfortable between themselves and others. People generally feel more at ease standing near to family members than strangers.

Intercultural Communication

Communication has always been a critical requirement in all civilizations. Neanderthals created drawings on cave walls, American Indians talked with smoke, and soldiers communicated with doves. The Internet is used for the majority of communication in the twenty-first century.

Intercultural communication is a type of communication in which information is shared across cultures and social groupings. In this way, it aims to comprehend how individuals from other nations act, interact, and perceive their surroundings. It also entails learning about the many cultures, languages, and habits of individuals from other nations.

 

The basic requirements for intercultural competence are:

1. Break the Assumptions

Everyone makes or has assumptions about others. Assumptions are beliefs rather than objective truth and are usually influenced by a number of subjective factors.

2. Empathise

In order to come to appreciate and understand people from different cultures, empathy is vital. Through putting yourself in someone else's shoes you come to see or appreciate their point of view.

3. Involve

Involving others in tasks or decision making empowers and builds strong relationships. Using intercultural diversity is in essence a more creative approach to problem solving as it incorporates different points of view.

4. Discourage Herd Mentality

Herd mentality refers to a closed and one dimensional approach. Such a way of thinking curbs creativity, innovation and advancement as people are restricted in how to think, approach and engage with people or challenges.

5. Avoid Insensitive Behavior

People can and do behave in culturally insensitive ways. By attacking someone's person, you attack their culture and therefore their dignity. This can only be divisive.

Cultural Shock in Europe, North America, South America

Culture shock is a sense of anxiety, depression, or confusion that results from being cut off from your familiar culture, environment, and norms when living in a foreign country or society.

Culture Shock in Spain

Greeting - Hola!

People in Spain are used to greeting each other, they are friendly. Usually when they meet their friends there are hugs, and kisses on the cheek. they also say "hola!" when meeting people on the streets, in shops, in restaurants, in supermarkets, on buses, and other public places. when they leave shops, supermarkets and buses, they say "adios!" and "adeu!" which means goodbye in English.

Eat 4 times a day

Breakfast from 9am to 11 am, lunch from 2pm to 4 pm, afternoon meal from 6pm to 8pm, and dinner from 9pm to 12 pm.

Activity time - lunch break or siesta

In Spain, there is a custom of siesta or a lunch break around 1 pm to 3 pm, usually used for lunch breaks or naps. At that time many shops and offices were closed, except for special places for tourists. all shops close around 9pm. there's more, on sundays, lots of shops are closed.

Hangout Place - Bar, Discotheque, Night club

People in Spain like to socialize, usually they will spend the night with their friends or relatives chatting while drinking alcohol. nightclubs and discotheques are usually crowded around 1pm or 2pm, and close around 6am.

Vacation and Relax - Beach

During holidays or weekends, usually people in Spain go to the beach with their friends to relieve boredom.

Country Full of Love

Spain is one of the most romantic countries, many people express love, it can be through messages, social media, song lyrics, and in public places many show love with their partners.

 

Culture Shock in CANADA

Honest and very respectful of people's privacy.

People in canada have a high level of honesty, they will say what they feel, they want, or when they refuse a request. people in canada really respect other people's privacy, don't ask people's privacy carelessly, don't spread any information without permission from the person directly, or it can be said that you must have good manners.

Independence and punctuality

Canadians live independently, adults live alone, do their own work. many of them have pets such as dogs and cats to accompany them.

Punctuality is also very required in canada, must be ready or be present 5-10 minutes before the meeting time or before the event starts.

Cold weather and very cold

Normal weather in Canada is cold, in winter it will be very cold. in canada the lowest temperature ever was -63 degrees celsius.

Habit of walking on the right

Canadians have a habit of walking on the right. wherever they are, on the streets, in other places, also when using vehicles and walking, so they become very organized

Farting after eating is considered to appreciate food

Farting after eating is considered a sign of gratitude after eating, appreciating food, and giving praise to someone who has cooked food

The prohibition of using perfume

In Canada, there is a ban on the use of perfume, especially in hospitals, in places of worship, and in supermarkets. because there are some people who are allergic to perfume which can cause shortness of breath.

 

Culture Shock in BRAZIL

Greeting - kiss and hug

In Brazil, people usually greet by kissing or hugging, because shaking hands is considered rude. In São Paulo, kiss only one cheek. In Rio de Janeiro, kissing both cheeks.

Hand sign - finger sign “ok”

Don't make an "excellent" sign with your fingers in a zero, that's saying a very bad thing, the very opposite of an "ok" sign or thumbs up.

Time - no punctuality

In brazil usually people are not punctual when it comes to informal events is still considered polite.

Lack of Modesty - little bikini

Everyone wears skimpy clothes on the beach in Brazil, girls wear little bikinis.

Swim with Crocodiles and Piranhas

In brazil crocodiles are quite relaxed and docile, piranha fish can be caught and eaten, and do not bite or eat humans.

Sources:

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/culture-shock.asp

https://ehef.id/post/eropa-individualis-7-kebiasaan-di-spanyol-ini-pasti-gugurkan-anggapan-tersebut

https://sampahmelulu.wordpress.com/2013/01/20/culture-shock/

http://exoticgringo.com/2013/07/culture-shock-brazil/

https://woltersworld.com/things-that-shock-tourists-when-they-first-visit-brazil/

https://pictureoflife99.blogspot.com/2018/11/culture-shock-di-kanada-yang-perlu-kamu.html

https://travel.tribunnews.com/2018/09/29/5-aturan-makan-paling-unik-di-dunia-wajib-kentut-setelah-makan-di-kanada

https://studierendenwerkfreiburg.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/what-is-culture-shock-how-can-you-deal-with-it/

https://www.studentuniverse.com/blog/travel/travel-tips/top-tips-for-handling-culture-shock

https://www.hipwee.com/feature/siesta-spanyol/

https://www.orami.co.id/magazine/makanan-khas-spanyol/

https://ugc.futurelearn.com/uploads/images/e6/2f/e62f4c6e-0e7f-4c72-8523-d6e11395e246.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmt6b3zZws-hlLF4l6DimNeo1hKIOwiUH3YhrzTFDrrgSwpY3GMBVqLbabHu0Qys9wD5PbsqvhG12oT0x4grWovKJqVwMZ7i9UaQHL2jY1aF1-KVe188Nr5pOoxq-qp7lQv13u9cYZxnY/w680/20200614_223011.jpg

https://i.cbc.ca/1.4630101.1524330521!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/16x9_780/toronto-weather-5.jpg

http://eurotalk.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/kiss.png

https://www.tripsavvy.com/hand-gestures-with-more-than-one-meaning-3149620

https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/uploads/media/2017/September/Punctuality.jpg

https://ghostaroundtheglobe.com/top-7-things-to-do-in-brazil/ 

Language and Culture (Asia, Africa, Oceania, Antarctica)

 Asia

Asia is the largest continent on earth bordered by the Ural Mountains and the Caucasus and the Arctic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. This continent covers 8.7% of the total surface area of the earth and comprises 30% of its land area. With about 4.3 billion people, there are 60% of the world's human population today.

The geographical location of the continent of Asia is divided into 4 namely the west, east, south and north. In the north, the continent of Asia is directly adjacent to the Arctic Ocean which is an ocean with an area of 1.5 times the United States.

Japan

The official language and the main language is Japanese

The regional language is Ryukyuan (Okinawan and others.)

Minority languages are Ainu, Bonin English, Nivkh, Orok, Russian

The main immigrant languages are Korean, Portuguese and Chinese

The Japanese have a habit of drinking tea. This tea drinking habit is called Sado. Drinking tea has become a hereditary tradition in Japan, even as a ceremony. Japanese people perform this ceremony with full appreciation. Tea drinking is done in a special traditional room with Tantami floors.

Japan has a very popular martial sport, namely Sumo. Even though it is classified as traditional wrestling, some people still practice it today. Usually, sumo is done by two wrestlers who have stocky bodies. But actually this sport does not set weight rules. Wrestlers put on weight so they don't get knocked down.

Africa

The geographical location of the African continent is between the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, and is located south of the European Continent. The African continent has the largest human population after Asia. And the African continent is called the Black Continent.

Egypt

In ancient times, Egypt was colonized by the British for 50 years, fortunately Egypt got independence in 1922 and Muhammad Naguib as the first president of Egypt. And Egypt has a capital city named Cairo.

Egypt has an Afro-Asian language which is closely related to Berber, Semitic and Beja. And The current national language of Egypt is Arabic.

In Egypt, trading activities are generally busy in the afternoon or evening. People in Egypt don’t ask for additional seasonings when they are eating or are being served food. People in Egypt like pleasantries and jokes. Egypt has the Nile River which is the second longest river in the world.

Oceania

Australia

Australia has no official language, but the majority of the population speaks English as a first language. According to the 2016 census, 73% of people in Australia spoke only English at home, even including a large number of first- and second-generation migrants. Australian English has a distinctive accent and vocabulary.

People in Australia are free to practice any religion they choose, as long as they are not breaking the law. Religions from all over the world are practiced in Australia, demonstrating its cultural diversity.

Indigenous Australians, or Aboriginals, are the original inhabitants of Australia. They migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago, and from Asia to Australia 40,000 to 50,000 years ago.

The culture of Australia is primarily a Western culture, derived from Britain but also influenced by the unique geography of Australia, the cultural input of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and other Australian people. The British colonization of Australia began in 1788, and waves of multi-ethnic migration followed.

Australia has produced many notable artists of both Western and Indigenous Australian schools throughout the course of its long and impressive history. Australia has many major art museums and galleries, both supported by the national, state, and local government, and by university and privately owned museums.

sources:

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia

https://www.abundancethebook.com/peta-benua-asia/

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Jepang

https://voi.id/lifestyle/37801/menengok-budaya-jepang-yang-unik-dan-menakjubkan-sebagian-mirip-dengan-indonesia

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Australia

https://www.internationalstudent.com/study_australia/living_in_australia/people-culture/

Language and Culture (Europe, North America, South America)

Europe

 According to geology and geography Europe is a peninsula or subcontinent. Continent of Europe is in the third position with the largest population. Europe has an area of 10,180,000 km².

Spanish

The main language of Spain is Spanish (español, idioma español) or Castile (castellano) is the Iberian-Roman language in Spain.
Spanish was the first European spoken language to have a grammatical treatise, Gramática de la lengua castellana, written in 1492 by an Andalusian philologist, Antonio de Nebrija, which was given to Queen Isabel of Castile in Salamanca.

Spanish vocabulary is easier to pronounce because it is similar to Indonesian. Although there are slightly different pronunciations of letters from what is written, writing in Spanish can be said to be "That which is written, that is what is read".

The country with the nickname “Country Matador" actually has a high social inclination. Friendly with fellow residents, open and friendly with newcomers.

Spaniards are known to be friendly to foreign residents, Spanish residents are used to greeting each other. There are various customs for greeting there. 

North America

Canada

The capital city of Canada is Ottawa. The largest city in Canada is Toronto. Canada is a constitutional monarchy where the queen of the british empire is the head of state.

Canada's official languages ​​are english and French. French is the most dominant language in Canada especially Quebec.

In Canada must ask for permission before any loan even a small thing. In Canada punctuality is very important.

Saying sorry as a reflex renders it an essentially meaningless courtesy. In Canada, saying "sorry" is a nicety that feels a little bit like a joke so worn out, all that remains is the punch line. We say it to mean: "I'm so sorry for the fact of human frailty.

South America

Brazil

Brazil is the largest and most populous country (204.5 million in 2017) in South America.

Brazilian culture is inherited from the colonial state, namely Portugal. Subsequently mixing occurred during the colonial period between Native Americans, Portuguese and Africans, forming a large part of Brazilian culture. So in Brazil there are various cultures in the world.

The name Brasil is derived from the name Brazilian wood, a type of local wood. Brazil is home to extensive agriculture and tropical rainforests. As a former colony of Portugal, Brazil's official language is Portuguese. In addition, Brazil is also the largest coffee producer in the world for the last 150 years

beef is a favorite menu, If you want to eat at stalls in Brazil, it's easiest to find a beef menu. Brazilian food has many choices of beef because it turns out that Brazil is the largest beef exporting country in the world (beating Australia)

Source

https://edoc.coe.int/5468/map-of-the-council-of-europe-47-member-states.jpg

https://www.cbc.ca/2017/sorry-can-we-talk-about-why-canadians-apologize-so-much-1.393999

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada

https://www.brilio.net/creator/35-hal-unik-di-kanada-ini-tak-akan-kamu-temui-di-negara-lain-3ad01f.html

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png